Don Quichotte (Seuil), mai 2022, 20€
par Bernard Randé
Nous connaissons encore trop mal les actions de résistance des populations soviétiques à l’oppression stalinienne. Bien des ouvrages sont parus qui traitent de ce sujet, souvent même faisant parler les témoins. Mais le sort de ces témoignages est, par l’existence même de la répression, de rester parcellaires ; en nous éclairant sur les conditions subjectives de cette résistance, ils mettent de côté le côté socialisé et global de cette résistance. Il revient aux historiens de présenter ces résistances, bien souvent individuelles ou par petits groupes, dans un cadre plus large.
C’est ce à quoi s’emploie Jean-Jacques Marie en tentant de donner un panorama un peu complet de ce que l’on peut appeler la résistance juvénile en l’URSS, du milieu des années 3à jusqu’à la fin des années 50. Ce n’est pas la première tentative, et on trouvera des références au fil de l’ouvrage (mais elles ne sont pas réunies dans une bibliographie). La principale difficulté pour l’historien est le côté éphémère de ces petits groupes, dont les membres ont entre 9 et 16 ans, parfois un peu plus lorsqu’ils ont rejoints des étudiants. L’ouverture des archives, notamment judiciaires, lors des années 90, a permis d’obtenir des renseignements plus précis : mais on ne doit jamais oublier que les archives judiciaires sont celles du pouvoir d’État ; et elles ne nous disent rien sur les camps de concentration où finissent bien souvent les jeunes victimes de ce pouvoir.
Voici le tract que découvrent certains habitants de Saratov en avril 1944 :
Camarades qui souffrez sous le joug stalino-fasciste! Le pays est dirigé par la bandes des réactionnaires staliniens. […] Les Républiques fédérées sont simplement leurs colonies. Toutes les libertés démocratiques sont anéanties. Les préceptes de Lénine sont bafoués. La IIIe Internationale est dissoute. […] Camarades, dressez-vous pour le combat. Anéantissez la bête sauvage Hitler et ensuite renversez Staline! Vive la grande révolution populaire.
La société des jeunes révolutionnaires.
Jeunes, ils l’étaient : une demi-douzaine de gamins âgés de 11 à 13 ans. Révolutionnaires, sans le moindre doute. Mais comment expliquer la terreur qu’ont inspirés ces groupes, certes nombreux, mais sans soutien et sans forces réelles, à l’appareil bureaucratique ? Jean-Jacques Marie se pose souvent la question, en y apportant certaines réponses : peur de la contagion, peur aussi de l’esprit de vengeance qui peut animer ces jeunes lorsque leurs parents ont été assassinés par l’État.
Il faut lire les réquisitoires des procureurs, la lâcheté d’un Romain Rolland qui, apprenant que la peine de mort est abaissée à douze ans, supplie Staline de lui laisser le droit de le citer pour excuser cette mesure auprès de l’opinion française, en invoquant en particulier les «buts pédagogiques» visés. Mais bien au-delà de ces différentes infamies, le livre dresse en arrière-plan un portrait de la société soviétique dans laquelle ont baigné ces enfants, sans lequel on ne pourrait comprendre qu’ils aient accédé si vite à une si haute conscience politique. Les informations sont trop éparses pour permettre un véritable recensement ou une analyse sociologique ou géographique de ce phénomène, et peut-être ne sera-ce jamais possible. On ne peut même pas dire s’il y a eu quelques centaines ou quelques milliers de groupes semblables. Mais le livre de Jean-Jacques Marie est certainement un moment non négligeable de ce travail.
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